History and Background of Machine Ethics Concept Machines are tools that make work easier by changing the direction of torque applied on a piece of workload. The general notion is that a machine is just a good size container with a system of gears and motors which are used for industrial purpose. The steam engine is a good indication of machines since its invention in the industrial revolution to power industries to different levels of output. However, the human race has been evolving thereafter and it is agreeable that the machines have also been evolving gradually hence the need to be au fait about the evolution to ensure we are at par. The definition of machines today has gone beyond the normal gearboxes we knew and has been taken to another level. The prominent machine invention or understanding of the twentieth century is the mathematical invention of the Turing machine. Continue reading
Business Ethics
Business ethics (also known as corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and business organizations as a whole. Business ethics can be both a normative and a descriptive discipline. As a corporate practice and a career specialization, the field is primarily normative. In academia descriptive approaches are also taken. The range and quantity of business ethical issues reflects the degree to which business is perceived to be at odds with non-economic social values.
Case Study on Business Ethics: Bernard Ebbers and the WorldCom Scandal
The question as to whether Bernard Ebbers, the co-founder and former chief executive officer of the WorldCom trial that led to his conviction for twenty-five years in federal prison was fair still remains unanswered and can only be proven by appraising his conduct and actions when he was the chief executive officer at WorldCom. Ebbers was charged with conspiracy, security fraud, and making false filings to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Several civil lawsuits were brought before Ebbers and other senior executives of WorldCom including the former chief financial officer Scott Sullivan but however dismissed after Ebbers and the other senior agreed to distribute over six billion dollars plus interest to stakeholders who had invested their money in the company stocks. Ebbers was also charged with the indictment of the state securities laws by defrauding investors of WorldCom on numerous occasions between the periods of January 2001 and March 2002. Ebbers Continue reading
Whistle-Blowing: Definition, Reasons, and Issues
Definitions of Whistle-Blowing Whistle-blowing has been defined as the act of a man or woman who, believing that the public interest overrides the interest of the organization he serves publicly ‘blows the whistle’ if the organization is involved in corrupt, illegal, fraudulent or harmful activity. It has also been defined as the disclosure by organizational members (former or current) of illegal, immoral or illegitimate practices under the control of their employers, to persons or organizations that may be able to affect the action. Many other definitions of whistle-blowing exist, though they run into problems of inclusion and exclusion and create problems for the researcher attempting to operationally the concept as a form of organizational communication. The following definition comes close to providing sufficient clarity: Whistle-blowing occurs when an individual performs an action or series of actions intended to make the information public. The information is made a matter of public Continue reading
Case Study: The Whistleblowing Case of Sherron Watkins in Enron
Whistleblowing Case of Sherron Watkins in Enron Whistleblowing is more about an individual’s moral judgment than it is about clear requirements that obligate individuals to reveal tricky organizational transactions that pose great risks to the public. There are two types of whistleblowing, namely internal and external. In many cases, only external whistleblowing is recognized because reporting that exists within an organization comprises the normal feedback channels that solve internal problems. Moreover, many feedback channels work within the organization and internal issues are not taken outside. In the Enron scandal of 2001, the main whistleblower Sherron Watkins informed the company’s top management that Enron was at risk of collapse because of the innumerable financial inconsistencies she had discovered in the firm’s financial statements. Watkins wrote an anonymous letter to the company’s founder, Kenneth Lay after discovering that Enron was engaging in unethical accounting practices. Prior to the eruption of the scandal, Continue reading
Social Innovation – Definition, Characteristics and Types
Social innovation is the new concepts, strategies and ideas that must meet the social needs of various elements that must be formed education, working condition and community development. Social innovation strengthens and extends civil society and it includes the social process of innovation. Social innovation is the complex methods of introducing the new products or services that can change basic resources, routines and authority of flows in which innovation can occur. Social innovation tries to provide a novel solution that must be effective, sustainable and efficient and this value would provide cure to the society rather than the single individual. Social innovation is the process of creating a new idea that can create a positive impact on the society. The concept of social innovation has emerged from the growing dissatisfaction from the technological emphasis in the innovation of economic area. Technological innovation focuses on main profit of the organization, whereas Continue reading
Case Study: Lockheed Corporation’s Unethical Practices
Company Description and Background Before turning into a huge corporation with global reach, Lockheed Martin went through multiple stages of development, most of which faced periods of failure and fallback. Lockheed Martin has nearly a century long history and is one of the world’s leading manufacturers and sellers of weapon, aircraft, surveillance devices, and detection systems. Its story began during the World War I when the Loughead brothers first began to build airplanes and sell them to hobbyists. They operated within an emerging niche of the military weaponry market, but their airplanes were not created in time to become involved in the war. Over the decades, the company perfected its models to eventually build the Lockheed Vega, one of the first legendary airplanes of the time and the leading machine in the market. Before the start of the Second World War, the company has experienced several ups and downs; however Continue reading