To date, there is no exchange rate model that can predict future currency prices with 100% accuracy. In rapidly growing global foreign exchange markets, currency movements become harder to predict as more participants enter the market on a daily basis, bringing with them all their research opinions, emotions, and expectations about where currencies should be headed. Currency movements in the short term can be influenced by publicly available information like the release of the country’s gross domestic product data, the consumer price index, or employment data. The following publicly available information can have immediate impact on currency movements: Local economic data releases and the anticipation of those releases. Economic data releases in foreign countries, especially of major trading partners, and the anticipation of those releases. Central banks, such as the U.S. Federal Reserve or the European Central Bank, raising or lowering interest rates. Central banks making public their thoughts on Continue reading
International Finance
International finance is the branch of economics that studies the dynamics of foreign exchange,foreign direct investment and how these affect international trade. Also studies the international projects, international investment and the international capital flow .International Finance can be broadly defined, as the study of the financial decisions taken by a multinational corporation in the area of international business i.e. global corporate finance. International finance draws much of its background from the preliminary studies in the topics of corporate finance such as capital budgeting, portfolio theory and cost of capital but now viewed in the international dimension.
Role of Different Parties Involved in Launching of Global Depositary Receipt (GDR)
GDRs (Global Depositary Receipts) are a type of straight equity shares, which are issued in the offshore market. These are essentially those instruments, which possess a certain number of underlying shares in the custody of depository bank. It is negotiable instrument, which are publicly traded local currency share. It is in the form of depository or certificate issued by the overseas depository bank outside India and issued to the non- resident investors against the issue of the ordinary shares or foreign currency convertible bonds of the issuing company. In case of typical Global Depositary Receipt, it is denominated in US $ and the underlying shares are denominated in local currency of the issuer. GDRs can be converted into equity shares by cancellation of GDRs through intermediaries, if so desired by the investor and the sale of underlying share in the domestic market through the local custodian. They are treated as Continue reading
Working of International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Recommended Reading: International Monetary Fund (IMF) 1. Financial Resources: IMF’s resources mainly come from two sources Quotas and Loans. The capital of the Fund includes quotas of member countries, amount received from the sale of gold, General Arrangements to Borrow (GAB), New Arrangements to Borrow (NAB) and loans from members nations. Quotas and Loans and their Fixation: The Fund has General Account based on quotas allocated to its members. When a country joins the Fund, it is assigned a Quota that governs the size of its subscription, its voting power, and its drawing rights. The country will be assigned with an initial quota in the same range as the quotas of existing members that are broadly comparable in the economic size and characteristics. At the time of the formation of the IMF, each member is required to pay its subscription in full or on joining the Fund — of which Continue reading
Export Pricing
Pricing for export is different than domestic pricing. Additional consideration needs to be given to the cost of modifying product or support materials for the foreign market, the logistics of getting the product to the foreign market, insuring the product, financing costs, transportation and other costs unique to exports such as long-distance communication costs and exchange rates. As pricing strategy is a key component of an export-marketing plan, the pricing structure has to be an integral part of the marketing objectives. These will vary depending on the target overseas markets. For example, a firm might regard the foreign market as a secondary market and consequently have lower expectations regarding market share and sales volume. Pricing decisions are naturally affected by such views. An exporter must thoroughly evaluate all the variables that have a bearing on the price for the product/service may not sell. On the other hand, too low a Continue reading
International Financial Institutions: International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Origin of International Monetary Fund (IMF) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) also called the Fund is an International monetary institution/ supranational financial institution established by 45 nations under the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944. Such an institution was necessary to avoid repetition of the disastrous economic policies that had contributed to Great depression of 1930’s. The principal aim was to avoid the economic mistakes of the 1920s and 1930s. It started functioning from March 1, 1947. In June, 1996, the Fund had 181 members. The IMF was established to promote economic and financial co-operation among its members in order to facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of world trade. It performs the activities like monitoring national, global and regional economic developments and advising member countries on their economic policies (surveillance); lending member hard currencies to support policy programmes designed to correct BOP problems; offering technical assistance in its areas of Continue reading
Factors Affecting the Forex Market
The exchange value of a currency, or the rate of exchange, fluctuates with changes in demand and supply. The factors which affect the demand for and the supply of a currency are many and varied. There are some factors which operate in the short period and have influence on day-to-day- fluctuations in rates of exchange. The commercial and financial relationship between trading countries is now extensive and payments on various accounts fall, due for early settlement. These payments constitute the short-term demand and supply in regard to currencies. There are, however, changes in currency and credit conditions and political and industrial conditions which have their influence on exchange rates only in the long period. The factors affecting Forex market may be summarized thus: Short Term Factors Affecting the Forex Market 1. Commercial Factors One of the important factors influencing the demand for and supply of currencies is trade in merchandise, Continue reading