The law of substitution is also known as the law of equi-marginal utility or the law of maximum satisfaction. This law was first developed by H.H Gossen. Therefore, this law is also known as second law of Gossen. Prof. Marshall has developed and given the present shape of this law. This law states that in order to get maximum satisfaction, a consumer should spend his limited income on different commodities in such a way that the last dollar spent on each commodity yield him equal marginal utility. The law of substitution is also known as “The Law Of Maximum Satisfaction” because the consumer can maximize his/her satisfaction by spending income in accordance with this law. It is called “The Law Of Substitution” because the consumer will go on substituting one commodity with higher marginal utility for another commodity with lower marginal utility till the marginal utility of each commodity is Continue reading
Economics Concepts
Limitations of Break Even Analysis
To the management, the utility of break-even analysis lies in the fact that it presents a picture of the profit structure of a business firm. Break-even analysis not only highlights the areas of economic strength and weaknesses in the firm but also sharpens the focus on certain leverages which can be operated upon to enhance its profitability. Through break-even analysis, it is possible for the management to examine the profit structure of a business firm to the possible changes in business conditions. There are some important limitations of break-even analysis, which are to be kept in mind while using break-even analysis. These limitations are as follows: When break-even analysis is based on accounting data, it may suffer from various limitations, such as negligence towards imputed costs, arbitrary depreciation estimates and inappropriate allocation of overhead costs. Break-even analysis, therefore, can be sound and useful only if the firm in question maintains Continue reading
Stagflation and Phillips Curve
Meaning of Stagflation The present day inflation is the best explanation for stagflation in the whole world. It is inflation accompanied by stagnation on the development front in an economy. Instead of leading to full employment, inflation has resulted in un-employment in most of the countries of the world. It is a global phenomenon today. Both developed and developing countries are not free from its clutches. Stagflation is a portmanteau term in macro economics used to describe a period with a high rate of inflation combined with unemployment and economic recession. Inflationary gap occurs when aggregate demand exceeds the available supply and deflationary gap occurs when aggregate demand is less than the aggregate supply. These are two opposite situations. For instance, when inflation goes unchecked for some time, and prices reach very high level, aggregate demand contracts and a slump follows. Private investment is discouraged. Inflationary and deflationary pressures exist Continue reading
History of Forex Market in India
Until the early seventies, given the fixed rate regime, the foreign exchange market was perceived as a mechanism merely to put through merchant transactions. With the collapse of the Breton Woods agreement and the floatation of major currencies, the conduct of exchange rate policy posed a great challenge to central banks as currency fluctuations opened up tremendous opportunities for market players to trade in currency volatilities in a borderless market. The market in Indian, however, remained insulated as exchange rate controls inhibited capital movements and the banks were required to undertake cover operations and maintain a square position at all times. Slowly a demand began to build up that banks in India be permitted to trade in FOREX. In response to this demand the RBI, as a first step, permitted banks to undertake intra-day trade in FOREX in 1978. As a consequence, the stipulation of maintaining square or near square Continue reading
Cost Reduction in Managerial Economics
The Institute of Cost and Works Accounts of London has defined cost reduction as “the achievement of real and permanent reductions in the unit costs of goods manufactured or services rendered without impairing their suitability for the use intended”. Thus, cost reduction is confined to savings in the cost of manufacture, administration, distribution and selling by eliminating wasteful and unnecessary elements from the product design and from the techniques and practices carried out in connection with cost control. Cost Control and Cost Reduction According to the Institute of Cost and Works Accounts, London, “cost control, as generally practiced, lacks the dynamic approach to many factors affecting costs, which determine the need of cost reduction.” In fact, cost control also known as cost management or cost containment; it controls the costs of the organization at the given level. Besides, cost control emphasis on ensuring that the cost does not exceed Continue reading
Inflation: Meaning, Causes, and Effects
Inflation can be characterized as a rise in the general value level and therefore there is a fall in the estimation of cash. Inflation happens when the measure of purchasing power is higher than the yield of merchandise and ventures. Inflation additionally happens when the measure of cash surpasses the measure of enterprises accessible. Regarding whether the falling the estimation of cash will influence the elements of cash relies upon the level of the fall. Fundamentally, alludes to an expansion in the supply of money or credit with respect to the accessibility of stock and venture, bringing about higher costs. In this manner, expansion can be estimated as far as rates. The rate increment in the value list, as a rate for every penny per unit of time, or, in other words, years. The two fundamental cost lists are utilized when estimating inflation, the Producer Price Index(PPI) and the Consumer Continue reading