In 1992 , to provide improved services, the country’s first ring less, scrip less and electronic stock exchange Over The Counter Exchange of India(OTCEI) was created by some of the prominent financial institutions like UTI, ICICI, IDBI , SBI Capital Markets, IFCI, GIC, Canbank Financial Services. The trading at OTCEI is done over the centers across the country. The securities traded at OTCEI are classified into listed securities, permitted securities and initiated debentures. The feature of this exchange is that instead of share certificate, a counter receipt is generated out at the counter which substitutes the share certificate and the same is used for all transactions. Recommended Reading: Over The Counter Exchange of India(OTCEI) Trading on OTCEI Trading on Over The Counter Exchange of India(OTCEI) is the first of its kind in India. It is fully computerized set-up where trading takes place through a network of computers at the member/dealer Continue reading
Financial Concepts
Ways of Resolving Agency Problems and Costs
Agency problems are defined as problems happening due to conflicts of interests between a principal and an agent. An agent is hired by a principal and is supposed to perform on behalf of the principal with the aim of maximizing the principal’s benefits. However, the agent also has his own interests, and, during the time working for the principal, he may diverge from the ultimate purpose of working for the principal and may perform for his own benefit. In the financial field, there are two primary types of agency problems: between shareholders and managers, and between equityholders and debtholders. First one is the agency problem between shareholders and managers. When a company is set up, the founder is the owner and manager. He will act on behalf of himself to create more wealth. If the owner sells a part of his ownership to outsiders, the owner-manager will not possess 100% Continue reading
Shareholder Wealth Maximization
According to the maximization model, there are three types of maximization in a company, which are shareholder maximization, stakeholder-owner maximization and total stakeholder maximization. Shareholder wealth maximization is a particular case of stakeholder-owner maximization, where only the pure owner interest as supplier of risk-capital is considered in the maximization. The stakeholder-owner has particular resources and interests which are important for the commitment of other stakeholders and thus for the economic performance of the venture as a whole and for the distribution of stakeholder benefits. Examples of such stakeholder-owners would include managers within the company who were also shareholders or suppliers who had an interest in the ownership of the company. Total stakeholder maximization includes the advantages for all groups, such as employees, local communities, shareholders, suppliers, customers, investors and partners. Among the three maximization of a company, shareholder wealth maximization plays a significant role and indeed more important than the Continue reading
Financial Statement Analysis
Financial performance, as a part of financial management, is the main indicator of the success or failure of the companies. Financial performance analysis can be considered as the heart of the financial decisions. Rational evaluation of the performance of the companies is essential to prepare sound financial policies and to attract potential investors. Shareholders are interested in EPS, dividend, net worth and market value per share. Management is interested in all aspects of financial performance to adopt a good financial management system and for the internal control of the company. The creditors are primarily interested in the liquidity of the company. Government is interested from the regulatory point of view. Besides, other stakeholders such as economists, trade associations, competitors, etc are also interested in the financial performance of the company. Therefore, all the stakeholders are interested in the performance of the companies but their perspective may be different. Financial statement Continue reading
Advantages and Disadvantages of Ratio Analysis
Ratios are an expression of one number in terms of another. This form of analysis facilitates comparison between the financial performances of different businesses or industries. Ratio, vertical and horizontal analysis are commonly used by financial analysts because they are useful tools for planning, controlling and monitoring an organisational performance. A range of financial ratios are there, including: liquidity, solvency, profitability, efficiency and investor ratios. Advantages of ratio analysis include: Ratio analysis enables the users of the financial statement to make comparisons between the financial performances of two or more businesses, even if they are of different sizes or from different industries, by converting financial numbers into standardized form using pre-defined formulas. Ratios are easy to calculate and do not consume significant amount of time. Ratio analysis is a useful tool to monitor and control a business organisation’s performance. The users of the financial statements are often interested in assessing Continue reading
Real Options Method in Capital Budgeting
Real options method is one of the investment appraisal techniques for capital budgeting which can deal with the limitations of the Net Present Value (NPV) method. Real options method is a method of evaluating and managing strategic investments decisions in an uncertain business environment. Using real option methods has been recognized that the application of standard NPV techniques can lead to wrong conclusions in the presence of unrecognized embedded options. The central role of NPV techniques in financial decision making therefore makes it imperative that real option structures in investing opportunities are identified and accounted for. It turns out that real options can be found in most live environments where uncertainty or risk, waiting, investment irreversibility, growth opportunity, asymmetric information, staged investments, competitor response, economies of scale, project switching, suspension, abandonment and start-up are important. In fact, these include the full spectrum of investment decision making, including those concerning capital Continue reading