People tend to have a general notion that personality refers to a personal appearance with charming smile, or outlook. But psychologists view the concept as dynamic in nature concerned with growth and development of a person’s whole psychological system. Personality can be defined as the consistent psychological patterns within an individual that affect the way they interact with others and the situations they encounter. Personality is defined as relatively stable and enduring characteristics that determine our thoughts, feelings and behavior. Personality is a complex phenomenon and there are various perspectives of personality construct. One common and simple definition of Personality is: It is the consistent psychological patterns within an individual that affect the way they interact with others and the situations they encounter. Research studies shows that individual’s personality is more or less consistent, lasting, and can remain substantially constant across all the situations and time. But there are individual Continue reading
Organizational Behavior
Relationship Between Organizational Structures and Cultures
Organizational Structure Organizational Structure is the strategic manner by which organizations arrange (or rearrange) themselves. This is essentially important in determining how organizations plan on utilizing their resources, particularly their human resources. To do so efficiently, certain questions need to have precise answers such as the specific responsibilities of each individual within the organization, to whom exactly they report and most importantly the coordination process that is to be implemented to bring together all these people and processes simultaneously. Bearing in mind that any framework followed needs to be consistent with the organizations main objectives, a formal channel defining the lines of authority from top to bottom (i.e. Hierarchy of Authority) is established which identifies clearly who is responsible for which personnel and/or tasks. Traditionally, the authority of decision-making has been a centralized process (i.e. directed to higher-level management), but with increasing challenges & innovation in recent times, many organizations Continue reading
Colin Carnall’s Coping Cycle Model of Change Management
In the field of psychology, numerous models and theories have been developed to explain how individuals cope with various challenges and stressors in their lives. One such model is Colin Carnall’s Coping Cycle Model, which identifies five stages that individuals go through when faced with difficult situations. Carnall’s Coping Cycle Model consists of five stages — denial, defense, discarding, adaptation, and internalization — which are explained in detail, shedding light on their significance and implications. Denial – The first stage of Carnall’s Coping Cycle Model is denial. During this stage, individuals tend to resist or ignore the reality of a challenging situation. Denial acts as a protective mechanism, shielding individuals from the initial shock and emotional distress associated with the situation. However, it is important to note that denial is usually temporary and serves as a starting point for individuals to process the situation further. Defense – The second stage, Continue reading
Process of Team Building
Team building attempts to improve effectiveness of the team by having team members to concentrate on: Setting goals and priorities for the team. Analyzing how team’s goals and priorities are linked to those of the organization. Analyzing how the work is performed. Analyzing how the team is working, and Analyzing the relationships among the members who are performing the job. The process of team building is a collection of steps which lead to a specific change in the approach among people, to make effective teams. Various steps of team building process are not one-shot action, rather, they are repetitive and cyclical. 1. Problem Sensing There are a number of ways in which problems of a team can be obtained. Often the team itself defines which aspects of team building it wishes to work on. This problem can better be identified in terms of what is hindering group effectiveness. At this Continue reading
Goal-Setting Theory of Motivation
This approach to motivation has been pioneered in the USA by Edwin Locke and his associates in 1960s and refined in 1980s. Goal-setting theory of motivation suggests that managers and subordinates should set goals for an individual on a regular basis, as suggested by Management by Objectives (MBO). These goals should be moderately difficult and very specific and of type that an employee will accept and make a commitment to accomplishing them. Rewards should be tied directly to accomplished goals. When involved in goal-settings, employees see how their effort will lead to performance, rewards and personal satisfaction. Salient features of Goal-setting theory of motivation are as follows: Specific goal fixes the needs of resources and efforts. It increases performance. Difficult goals result higher performance than easy job. Better feedback of results leads to better performances than lack of feedback. Participation of employees in goal has mixed result. Participation of Continue reading
Adam, Hayes and Hopson Model of Transition
We experience change on a daily basis as our environment is continually changing, more so than ever before in this digital and rapidly advancing technological age, but change is not the same as transition. A transition in the context of this article is an internal (psychological) change within a person or persons. Change happens to people and transition is an internal process. Changes which people experience may or may not be accompanied by a transition depending on the level of change and how a person is affected by it. In the Adam, Hayes and Hopson model of transition a transition begins with a discontinuity in a person’s life which they are aware of and can be the end of a job, relationship, loss of a loved one, loss of identity, loss of a current mode of being and so on. A person has to adapt to a new environment, situation Continue reading