Strategic alliances are collaborative organizational arrangements that use resources or governance structures from more than one present organization. Strategic alliances have three main characteristics, First, two or more firms partnering remain independent to the formation of the alliance. Second, alliances perform the feature of ongoing mutual interdependence, from which one party is vulnerable to the other party. Mutual interdependence between party leads to shared control and management, which contributes to the complexity of alliance management and often creates significant administrative costs. Third, because the partners of alliances remain independent, there is uncertainty as what one party expects the other party to do. Literature Review on Strategic Alliances Buckley, Glaister, Klijn, & Tan (2009) describe that, two types of knowledge accession partnerships: one pursuit of efficiency and productivity based on complementary knowledge transfer and the other in pursuit of business scope and product adaptability based on supplementary knowledge transfer. They also Continue reading
Research Literatures
Literature Review – Social Media Marketing Strategies
Social Media Coming to Age in Business Social media has a long history when compared to what people know nowadays. Facebook and other social media platforms exist as a natural outcome of the evolution of the social media development that has occurred for several centuries. It is evident that letters served as the earliest communication methods. They were delivered by hand from the sender to the recipient. When it comes to analyzing the history of social media, one may see that the earliest postal services existed as early as 550 B.C (Hakansson, 2015). Despite the development, the messages became short (Parveen, Jaafar, & Ainin, 2015). The business industry also continued to grow due to friendly economic policies and various incentives that existed in the market. The development of supercomputers after the 1940s saw the creation of networks between computers and consumers. The situation influenced the development of the internet. The Continue reading
Literature Review – Organizational Learning
Organizational learning is the ‘activity and the process by which organizations eventually reach the ideal of a learning organization’ (Senge, 1990). Organizational learning is just a means in order to achieve strategic objectives. But creating a learning organization is also a goal, since the ability permanently and collectively to learn is a necessary precondition for thriving in the new context. Therefore, the capacity of an organization to learn, that is, to function like a learning organization, needs to be made more concrete and institutionalized, so that the management of such learning can be made more effective (Dunphy, 1998). Learning organizations are organizations where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where people are continually learning to see the whole together. (Senge 1990: 3) The Learning Company is a vision Continue reading
Literature Review – Quality Management Systems
According to various authors, quality improvement and management has become a subject of great importance in organisations. Quality Management focuses on the overall process of a system rather than just concentrating on results, it is the determination and implementation of the quality policy with regard to the organisation. Many organisations throughout the world have started to realize the potential it holds for them and have therefore adopted new philosophies focused on quality management rather than just being focused on the end results. Some organisations already implementing the ISO 9001 Quality Management System are wondering is it worth maintaining and what significance does it hold for the company? Empirical studies have shown that Quality Management does indeed have a positive effect on the various business functions (Piskar & Dolinsek, 2006) and therefore calls for a deeper look. The empirical studies were undertaken through questionnaires during 2002 in Slovenia. 212 Companies that Continue reading
Literature Review – Employee Training and Development
Introduction Human resources are considered by many to be the most important asset of an organization, yet very few employers are able to harness the full potential from their employees (Radcliffe, 2005). Human resource is a productive resource consisting of the talents and skills of human beings that contribute to the production of goods and services (Kelly, 2001). Lado and Wilson (1994) define human resource system as a set of distinct but interrelated activities, functions, and processes that are directed at attracting, developing, and maintaining a firm’s human resources. According to Gomez-Mejia, Luis R., David B. Balkin and Robert L. Cardy, (2008), it is the process of ensuring that the organization has the right kind of people in the right places at the right time. The objective of Human Resources is to maximize the return on investment from the organization’s human capital and minimize financial risk. It is the responsibility Continue reading
Literature Review about E-Banking In India
Introduction E-banking in today’s scenario is a very dynamic concept. It is a kind of self service technology (Dixit & Datta,2010). Competition is the pushing force for the introduction of e-banking. (Ziqi Liao and Michael Tow Cheung, 2003) .E-banking is delivery of new and traditional banking products and services straight to customers using electronic, interactive communication channels using computers. At a fundamental point, E-banking means setting up of a web page by a bank to provide information about its products and services their features, advantages, disadvantages, prices , duration and other details. On the other hand, at an advanced level, it refers to providing facilities such as accessing accounts, transferring funds, and buying financial products or services online, Making payments et which is known as “transactional” E- banking (Sathye, 1999). E-banking includes the systems that enable financial institutions, customers, individuals or businesses whether small or big or medium scale to Continue reading