ECONOMICALLY empowering, i.e. access to inexpensive credit and other micro-finance services, including savings and insurance, India’s rural population will have a significant impact on India’s economic growth. Economic empowerment is defined here as. The modern banking system has failed to deliver inexpensive credit to India’s 600,000 villages – despite several expensive attempts to do so. Do we need to rethink the appropriate institutional structure for rural banking in India? The problems of widespread poverty, growing inequality, rapid population growth and rising unemployment all find their origins in the stagnation of economic life in rural areas. Since the days of the Rural Credit Survey Committee (1954), India has come a long way in its search for an appropriate rural banking set-up. Though there has been some improvement, the problem remains. There has been tremendous progress in quantitative terms but quality has suffered, progress has been slow and halting and significant Continue reading
Business Finance
Business Finance is that business activity which is concerned with the acquisition and conservation of capital funds in meeting financial needs and overall objectives of business enterprises.
Terms commonly used with reference to capital market
There are several terms which are commonly used with reference to capital market. Several such terms have already been discussed in the previous articles. Understanding of following terms (given in alphabetical order) will help the readers in better grasping the structure and trading system in the capital market in India : Arbitrage: Arbitrage refers to taking advantage of price differential in a particular security on to different stock exchanges. An investor/speculator can sell at one stock exchange and buy the same at lower price at other stock exchange. The difference in prices is the profit of the investor/speculator. Categories of Shares at BSE: At the Mumbai Stock Exchange, the shares have been categorised in different categories such as A, B1, B2, S, T, TS and Z. Categories A , B1 and B2 depend upon the volume and turnover of different shares on the BSE. S group is called BSE Indonext, Continue reading
Functional Classification of Budget
Budget and Budgetary Control are the key components of any business and its decision making process. A business is an organization usually set up with an aim to attain success and bring some change in the society. However, in case of any business the success is determined by the profit or the value it added to the organization at the end of an year. Therefore, the calculations of the sales and expenditures are the basic concepts of any business. As mentioned, a business is set up with a goal to attain success and thus, as a prerequisite of attaining success one organization needs to be properly aware of all its operations and should also be capable of foresee its future operations. Farsightedness has often been described as a primary means to attain success. Thus, the success of any business is quite dependent on its predictions about future course of actions. Continue reading
Growth of Development Banks
Although development banks attracted great attention after World War II but there one insurances or such institutions even much earlier, First development bank was found in Belgium in 1822. The purpose of financing and promoting industry. It was a joint stock bank which nursed funds through the sale of shares and bonds in order to finance; commercial and industrial enterprises. This new technique of banking got impetus only in 1852 when ‘Credit Mobilize of France’ was set up. It mobilized resources through the sale of bonds and promissory notes and made long-term investments particularly in public utility undertakings, railways, insurance companies and banks. It set a model for similar investment banks established in Germany, Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, Spain and Switzerland. Throughout the 19th century, the Credit Mobilize provided a great appeal to all countries which wanted to develop industries on a fast pace. In 1902, Industrial Bank of Japan Continue reading
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
What is Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)? Public key infrastructure (PKI) systems offer authentication in transactions. PKI is an information technology infrastructure that enables internet users to securely and privately exchange information through the use of a public and a private key pair that is obtained and shared through a trusted authority. The public key infrastructure provides for a digital certificate that can identify an individual or an organization and directory services that can store and, when necessary, revoke the certificates. A certificate is a digital document (i.e. a formatted file) that binds a public key to a person, application, or service. A trusted Certificate Authority (CA) creates the certificate and digitally signs it using the CA’s private key. Because of its role in creating certificates, the CA is the central component of the PKI. Using the CA’s public key, applications verify the issuing CA’s digital signature, and hence, the integrity Continue reading
Liquidity Risk in Banking
Liquidity planning is an important facet of risk management framework in banks. Liquidity is the ability to efficiently accommodate deposit and other liability decreases, as well as, fund loan portfolio growth and the possible funding of off-balance sheet claims. A bank has adequate liquidity when sufficient funds can be raised, either by increasing liabilities or converting assets, promptly and at a reasonable cost. It encompass the potential sale of liquid assets and borrowings from money, capital and Forex markets. Thus, liquidity should be considered as a defense mechanism from losses on fire sale of assets. Liquidity risk in banking is the potential inability of a bank to meet its payment obligations in a timely and cost effective manner. It arises when the bank is unable to generate cash to cope with a decline in deposits/liabilities or increase in assets. The cash flows are placed in different time buckets based on Continue reading