Frederick Taylor, known as the Father of Scientific Management, conducted many studies at Bethlehem Steel Company in Pittsburgh. His experience as an apprentice, a common labor, a foreman, a master mechanic, and then a chief engineer of a steel company gave Taylor an excellent opportunity to know first hand the problems and attitudes of workers and to see the great possibilities for improving the quality of management. To improve productivity, Taylor examined the time and motion details of a job, developed a better method for performing that job, and trained the workers. Taylor also offered a piece rate that increased as workers produced more. In 1911, published a book “Principles of Scientific Management” in which he proposed work methods designed to increase worker productivity. He defined management as art of knowing exactly what do you want to do and seeing that they do it and in the best and cheapest Continue reading
Management Principles
Functional Organization – Meaning and Features
Functional organization is technically called functional foreman-ship because the function itself becomes a supervisor and the employees automatically perform their respective duties. The emphasis of functional organization structure is on operations rather than on management. Functional organization is commonly used in business organizations. The spirit of organization, which involves grouping tasks together and allocating them to genuine employees is observed in functional organization. Functional sets like marketing, finance, production and personal are grouped systematically. Departments and sub departments are developed according to the requirements of the business. Functional organization is the basic building block or module from which other forms of organization are built. Functional organization is characterized by function, sub-goal emphasis, division of work, functional relationship, centralization and decentralization, span of control, divisionalization of product and regionalization. All employees are not equal; they have distinctive and special interests in different activities, while some of Continue reading
Concept of Reinforcement in Organizational Behavior
Reinforcement is the attempt to develop or strengthen desirable behavior. There are two types of reinforcement in organizational behavior: positive and negative. Positive reinforcement strengthens and enhances behavior by the presentation of positive reinforcers. There are primary reinforcers and secondary reinforcers. Primary reinforcers satisfy basic biological needs and include food and water. However, primary reinforcers don not always reinforce. For instance, food may not be a reinforcer to someone who has just completed a five course meal. Most behaviors in organizations are influenced by secondary reinforcers. These include such benefits as money, status, grades, trophies and praise from others. These include such benefits as money, status, grades, trophies and praise from others. These become positive reinforcers because of their associations with the primary reinforcers and hence are often called conditioned reinforcers. It should be noted that an event that functions as a positive reinforce at one time or in one Continue reading
Visionary Leadership Style – Meaning, Benefits and Challenges
Visionary Leadership is defined as an operation to influence others in order to create a better future and solve problems in an innovative way. Visionary leaders are those which have the ability to see the capabilities in others have the tendency to lead them. This type of leadership style creates a positive momentum and endurance in an organization. However, the visionary leadership style is most effective when an organization needs a new and clear direction to follow. Employees or people who performed under visionary leaders always enjoy working with them and truly want themselves to reach their full potential and find meaning in their work. Visionary leaders are somewhere different from other leaders as they always inspire, encourage, empower and equip their team members for a better outcome. Therefore, if businesses is looking for moving to a next high level and takes on new initiatives or re-evaluate their vision, then Continue reading
Organizing Function of Management
According to Haimann, “Organization is the process of defining and grouping the activities of the enterprise and establishing the authority relationship among them.” The mentioned definition makes it clear that on the one hand organization is a process to define and classify the functions to be performed for the attainment of the objectives of the organization, and on the other hand, it is an art to establish sweet relationship among different persons. There are two concept are prevalent about organisation. In the other word, there are two meaning of organization: Organizing as process: According to the first concept of organizing, it has been considered as a process. In the other word, organizing is not function that can be performed at a single stroke, but it is a chain of various functions. It includes getting information about objectives, deciding various activities and grouping them, determining important activities, allowing authority and responsibility, Continue reading
Features of Business Organizations
An organization is the association of persons for achieving certain objectives. An organization is a social system wherein its members try to achieve their private goals while achieving the organizational goals. The seemingly contradictory goals are resolved by effective organizational behavior. The organization has some objectives which are attained by organizing the activities of their member. An organization for business purposes is commonly known as a corporate body or a corporation or a company or formally established business unit. It is dynamic and ever changing as per the needs of society, its members, corporate objectives and environmental changes. Men form and develop organizations because they are unable to achieve the desired goals individually. They evolve different forms of organization according to their needs. An organization is a composition of people having different authorities and responsibilities to utilize existing resources for achieving the organizational objectives. Common Features of Business Organizations Continue reading