Case Study on Entrepreneurship: Larry Page

Business Analysis

The Boundaryless Career: Modern Contemperory Perspective on Career

Human Resource Management

Concepts of Throughput Accounting and Theory of Constraints

Financial Management

Kaizen – Understanding the Japanese Business Philosophy of Continuous Improvement

Operations Management

Role of Leaders in Shaping Organizational Culture

Management Principles

Case Study: Business Strategy of Sony Corporation

Founded on May 7, 1946 in Tokyo, Japan, one of the most successful technological corporations in the world: Sony was created under the two legendary men: the physicist Masaru Ibuka and the physicist Akio Morita (Sony, 2013). They made the decision to set up a company repairing and producing electrical equipment and established Sony under the name under the name Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo K.K. which is Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation, known as Totsuko. At that time, Totsuko was just a small company with capital of 190,000¥ (~ 2000 $) and around 20 employees compare to giant corporations in Japan such as Toshiba, Hitachi, Sharp, Matsushita with tremendous capital, facilities and labour capacity. Although in 1946 Japan was just recovered from the wartime, while the other giants still possessed enough resource and experience to control the Japan market, Totsuko had no machinery and little scientific equipment and using only their own Continue reading

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Popularity of Master of Business Administration (MBA)

Higher education – the area a young individual decides to graduate/post-graduate in – is perhaps one of the most important choices a person makes during his/her lifetime. A choice at this juncture determines the course of one of the largest investments in terms of time, money and commitment a person could make. Such an important decision needs considerable thinking on the part of the individual. ‘Why do I want to do this educational programme?’ is a question that needs to be answered. At a later point in life, some individuals may feel repentance on his/her wrong choice of higher education at the degree/P.G. level. The ‘too-late’ realization with a feeling of disillusionment is a direct outcome of unconsidered early-life decisions relating to higher education and subsequent career/profession. When faced with the question of what to do in life, the result usually may fall into two categories: He/she may do what Continue reading

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Understanding the Importance of International Business Strategy

The survival and progression of businesses in the 21st century is highly dependent on the ability of firms to expand beyond their national borders, taking into account the cost effectiveness of expansion and the complexity and risks associated with the company’s chosen international business strategy. The resources and objectives of a firm, as well as the demand for their product outside their national borders are important in taking the decision to globalize a company’s products and/or services. Although three strategies are more common, namely multi domestic, global and transnational approaches, the fourth strategy available to firms is the international approach to global expansion. This article will analyze the two approaches that differ in local responsiveness and cost pressure for the business, with the international approach as the least responsive and expensive for the company and the transnational approach as the most costly and locally focused from the four options available Continue reading

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Improve, Adapt, Buy or Drop a Product – Strategic Marketing Decisions

If a product is not showing profitable performance, the company may consider one of the alternatives, viz., improve, adapt, buy or drop the product. Improve If the firm continues to make the product, it may be required to make improvement in its production or distribution so as to yield adequate return.   Improvement may mean re-designing the product or producing it at a lower cost.   Product improvement is particularly necessary when the existing product has become apparently obsolete or out of fashion.  Indian companies need to continuously upgrade their products and technology to withstand the pace of change in their business environment and to meet the challenges thrown up by the emergence of a buyer’ market.   Product improvement is very important in durable goods, for example, automobiles, refrigerators, etc.   This explains the development of a camera with a built-in coupled exposure meter, which proved to be a Continue reading

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Advantages of Swaps

Swaps permits institutions to exchange one flow of payments with another, in addition to hedging income gaps existing in the organizations. Swaps are contractual agreements between two parties who agree to exchange a stream of cash flows for a specified period, known as the “tenor.” These cash flows depend on agreed-upon parameters and the price fluctuations in a specified underlying asset, commodity, or market index. Swap markets emerged to address the increased currency and interest-rate volatility after the collapse of the Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system. They are known to lessen risk; reduce borrowing costs; and assist in avoiding unnecessary costs arising from changes in the balance sheet. The following advantages can be derived by a systematic use of swap: 1. Borrowing at Lower Cost: Swap facilitates borrowings at lower cost. It works on the principle of the theory of comparative cost as propounded by Ricardo. One borrower exchanges Continue reading

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Double Entry System of Bookkeeping

The recording of financial transactions undertaken by an individual or an organization defined Bookkeeping. The organization could be an enterprise, a charitable organization or even a local sports club. The necessary support for such accounting function is provided by bookkeeping as the preparation of cost reports, financial statements, and tax returns. Making entries to specific accounts with debit and credit system and keeping track of a business’s financial transactions is involved. Bookkeeping has evolved through the years from clay tablets, to paper ledgers, and now computerized systems. Even for now, bookkeeping fundamentals have not been changed through the ages. And chances are the future societies will not be able to exist without a formal system of financial recording keeping. In short, some of the same problems that plagued ancient bookkeepers still exist even with modern advancement. The process of bookkeeping is always considered to be as vital importance to categorize Continue reading

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