Concepts of Throughput Accounting and Theory of Constraints

Financial Management

Kaizen – Understanding the Japanese Business Philosophy of Continuous Improvement

Operations Management

Role of Leaders in Shaping Organizational Culture

Management Principles

Organizational Culture – Development and Importance

Management Principles

Five Important Organizational Cultural Models

Management Principles

Programme Budgeting

Programme Budgeting is mainly useful to government departments and non-profit organizations. In Programme Budgeting special emphasis is laid on formulation of different budgets for different programmes. It utilizes a planning and budgeting process in an output-oriented programme format; which is oriented to its objectives to facilitate developing and evaluating alternatives. It leads to the allocation of resources over a planning period. Programme Budgeting integrates all of the organizations planning activities and budgeting into total system. Programme Budgeting Process First, programmes are identified for achieving different goals of the organizations. Then, each programme is divided into different elements. Resources such as materials, men, machines, utilities, etc., are allocated to various programmes over the period. The emphasis is continuously placed on analysis of alternatives (including existing programmes) and estimating cost of accomplishing objectives and fulfilling purposes and needs. The steps involved in the programme budgeting may be listed as follows: Identification of Continue reading

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Classification of Advertisement Copy

It is true that copy writing is an art and the copywriter has a very important role to play in advertising creativity. Copy writing does not admit any stereotyped rules and classification. There are various styles in which a copy can be prepared and presented. The following classification of advertisement copy  may be studied; 1. Descriptive Copy — This type of copy describes the pertinent and relevant characteristics features of the product. It is very simple and of non- technical nature. It does not have any specialty which can attract the attention of the target consumers or may compel them to read it. It is very much similar to a press account or news item simply giving relevant information to the public without any stylish touch. 2. Scientific Copy — Such types of copies are technical in nature and generally used by drugs and pharmaceutical firms elaborating the propositions of Continue reading

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Case Study of China Telecom: ERP Implementation

China Telecom Corporation, the world’s largest operator of fixed-line communications, was formed when the state owned China Telecommunications Corporation reorganized. China Telecom employs 350,000 workers throughout China, who attend to the company’s operations in domestic and international fixed-line networks; fixed-line voice, data, and information services; and the settlement of international telecommunications accounts. The company has maintained steady growth despite heavy competition from mobile phone services. In 2002, the company became a public company listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). That same year, the United States (US) granted China Telecom a license to provide international telephone and Internet service between the countries. These steps were part of a transition from a traditional state-run enterprise to a modern enterprise based on larger profits and a wider customer base. However, to succeed as an international telecommunications powerhouse, China Telecom had to solve several problems. First, the company required a state-of-the-art IT Continue reading

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Marketing Orientation Approach to Business

There are three types of business orientation which are production, sales and marketing orientations. They usually develop in stages orderly and in hierarchy. Production orientation is the primary purpose business in the nineteenth centuries. It refers to the firms which concentrate on improving the efficiency of the production in order to break down cost. Firms produce goods which they could produce well. Sales orientation is a concept that demand has to be created by using sales techniques. The sales department was interpreted to be most important to organization’s successful and survival. Scant attention was paid to the final consumer’s need, but it was understood that goods and services did not sell themselves without effort. Finally marketing orientation is an approach which most firms use nowadays. It focuses on consumer needs. This shift in thinking led to the growth of marketing research to decide unmet consumer needs and systems for pleasing Continue reading

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The Significance of New Employee Orientation Programmes

Ever hear the expression “common sense isn’t so common anymore”? This phrase certainly has many workplace implications. All too often, managers incorrectly assume that other workers have the same work ethic and knowledge of the workplace that they do. We take it for granted that people know what is expected of them. The fact of the matter is, employees need to know not only the specifics of how to carry out their duties, but also the company’s rules and expectations, before they can succeed in the workplace. The ideal time to set forth expectations of an employee is at the time he or she is hired, through some type of new employee orientation. In addition to providing a road map to workplace success, a thorough orientation has the added benefit of creating a positive first impression on the employee. The sense that he or she is important to the company Continue reading

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What are the Different Types of Employee Contracts?

A contract of employment is essentially an agreement between the employer and the employee. It should have the purpose of outlining the specific terms and conditions of employment.  This can be either verbal or in writing and it can be regarded as forming the basis of the employment relationship between employer and employee. The implications of different types of employment contracts can mean that there are different outcomes or considerations for the employer, depending on the type of contract. A full-time contract involves a set amount of working hours and terms and conditions including the minimum hours set by the employer, which is normally 35 hours or more a week. A full-time contract is also usually covered by employment laws and implies a permanent employment type. A full-time contract can also be beneficial for staff retention and be more attractive to loyal and committed employees. It is also more difficult Continue reading

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