Concepts of Throughput Accounting and Theory of Constraints

Financial Management

Kaizen – Understanding the Japanese Business Philosophy of Continuous Improvement

Operations Management

Role of Leaders in Shaping Organizational Culture

Management Principles

Organizational Culture – Development and Importance

Management Principles

Five Important Organizational Cultural Models

Management Principles

Customer Centric and Market Driven Approaches to Marketing

With the increasing pace of commercialization of economy, international and domestic market environment has changed dramatically-the termination of seller’s market and shortage economy, the arrival of buyer’s market and surplus economy. Consumers have become the leading role within transaction relationship. Companies must spare no efforts to please consumers, provide consumers with satisfactory products. Nowadays, concerning corporate marketing concept, there are customer centric and market driven. Customer centric refers that the enterprise takes the fulfillment of customer demands and the increase of customer value as business starting point. It stressed that the organization should avoid separating the actual demand from customers and subjective assumptions of the market. A customer-centric approach can add value to a company by differentiating themselves from competitors who do not offer the same experience. In essence, customer centric means the modern marketing concept that build a long-term and stable business relationship through provide customers more value and Continue reading

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Concept of Supplier Relationship Management (SRM)

An important feature of a world class organisation is the way the organisation has been able to develop and link its suppliers with its external processes. Supplier relationship management can be defined as the relationship that exists between the supplier and its buyer based on long term commitments and trust with the ultimate aim to maximize the potential value of the relationship. This will include the management of different forms of supply relationships such as partnership, joint venture and vertical integration. The critical importance of supplier relationship types to achieve supply chain competitiveness can be viewed under the following headings: The effective use of strategic partnership Typical traditional short term relationship is characterize by irregular or ‘one-off’ transactions that give rise to supply uncertainties, difficulties in choosing suppliers, and is price oriented making this type of relationship unreliable and unsupported. Organisations can move from this type of relationship towards a Continue reading

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How Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Works?

It is necessary to understand some of the basics of encryption, digital certificates, and digital signatures before examining the components of a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). Encryption Overview “Encryption” is the term used to describe the process of taking legible data, and scrambling it into a form that is non-intelligible to anyone who doesn’t know how to unscramble (or “decrypt”) it again. Encryption processes usually involve a method for encrypting the data and one or more “keys”. The keys are usually a very long number and are used during the encryption or decryption process. In most cases, the method (or “algorithm”) that is used by an application to encrypt data is common knowledge and the key that is used is kept private. There are two main types of encryption – “symmetric encryption” (the same encryption key is used for encryption and decryption), and “asymmetric encryption” (different keys are used for Continue reading

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Exit Price Accounting – Definition and Criticisms

Exit Price Accounting (EPA) also known as Continuously Contemporary Accounting (CoCoA) has been proposed by researchers such as McNeal, Sterling, and especially Raymond Chambers. It’s an accounting theory that prescribes that assets should be valued at exit prices and that financial statements should function to inform about an organization’s capacity to adapt.  Chambers described the entity’s capacity to adapt as the cash that could be obtained if the entity sold its assets. Chambers believed that economic survival of the entity depends on the amount of cash it can command and the balance sheet is crucial to these decisions. Chambers used the term ‘current cash equivalents’ to refer to the amount that was expected to be generated through the orderly sale of assets. He believe that the information about current cash equivalent were fundamental to effective decision making. Chambers stated that ‘the accounting rules used were so different in effect that Continue reading

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Cost Analysis of Multiple Products

Although, most modern firms make several products, Economic Theory has been developed on the premise that each firm produces only one product. The reasons for such inadequate premises are found partly in the historical origins of theory and partly in the simplicity of theoretical analysis when it is confined to production of just one single product. In many manufacturing enterprises two or more different products emerge from common production process and common raw-material used. Production of multiple product has almost become the rule. When two or more different products emerge from a single common production process and a single raw material, they get identified as separate products only at the end of common processing which is called the ‘Split of Point’. The costs that that have been incurred  up-to  the split of point are common costs. The common costs cannot be traced to the separate products. Some common costs are Continue reading

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Liquidity Risk Management in Banks

While introducing the concept of Asset-Liability Management (ALM), it has been mentioned that the object of any ALM policy is twofold — ensuring profitability and liquidity. Working towards this end, the bank generally maintains profitability/spreads by borrowing short (lower costs) and lending long (higher yields). Though this process of price matching can be done well within the risk/exposure levels set for rate fluctuations it may, however, place the bank in a potentially illiquid position. Efficient matching of prices to manage the interest rate risk does not suffice to meet the ALM objective. Price matching should be coupled with proper maturity matching. The inter-linkage between the interest rate risk and the liquidity of the firm highlights the need for maturity matching. The underlying implication of this inter-linkage is that rate fluctuations may lead to defaults severely affecting the asset-liability position. Further in a highly volatile situation it may lead to liquidity Continue reading

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