Kaizen – Understanding the Japanese Business Philosophy of Continuous Improvement

Operations Management

Role of Leaders in Shaping Organizational Culture

Management Principles

Organizational Culture – Development and Importance

Management Principles

Five Important Organizational Cultural Models

Management Principles

The Customer Satisfaction Model – Based on American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI)

Marketing Management

Depositary Receipts – Definition, History and Types

A Depositary Receipt (DR) is a type of negotiable (transferable) financial security traded on a local stock exchange but represents a security, usually in the form of equity, issued by a foreign, publicly-listed company. The Depositary Receipt, which is a physical certificate, allows investors to hold shares in equity of other countries. One of the most common types of Depository Receipts is the American depository receipt (ADR), which has been offering companies, investors and traders global investment opportunities since the 1920s. Since then, Depository Receipts have spread to other parts of the globe in the form of global depository receipts (GDRs). The other most common type of Depository Receipts are European DRs and International DRs. ADRs are typically traded on a US national stock exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or the American Stock Exchange, while GDRs are commonly listed on European stock exchanges such as the Continue reading

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Merger Procedure under Companies Act 1956

A merger is a complicated transaction, involving fairly complex legal considerations. While evaluating a merger proposal, one should bear in mind the following legal provisions. Sections 391 to 394 of the Companies Act, 1956 contain the provisions for amalgamations. The procedure for merger or amalgamation normally involves the following steps: Examination of object Clauses: The memorandum of association of both the companies should be examined to check if the power to amalgamate is available. Further, the object clause of the amalgamated company (transferee company) should permit it to carry on the business of the amalgamating company (transferor company). If such clauses do not exists, necessary approvals of the shareholders, boards of directors and Company Law Board are required. Intimation to stock Exchanges: The stock exchanges where the amalgamated and amalgamating companies are listed should be informed about the amalgamation proposal. From time to time, copies of all notices, resolutions, and Continue reading

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Importance of Performance Appraisal Systems

Performance appraisal is the assessment of an individual’s performance in an organization in a systematic way, the performance being measured against such factors as job knowledge, quality and quantity of output, initiative, leadership abilities, supervision, dependability, co-operation, judgment, versatility etc. assessment should not be confined to the past performance alone. Potentials of the employee for the future performance must also be assessed. Performance appraisal can be defined as “the systematic evaluation of the individual with respect to his or her performance on the job and his or her potential for development”.  A more comprehensive definition is, “Performance appraisal is a formal structured system of measuring and evaluating an employee’s job and how the employee can perform effectively in future so that the employee, organization all be benefited.” Performance appraisal, to common understanding, is the formal and informal assessment of the performance of the employee at work. In an informal system Continue reading

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Data Analytics in Retail Industry

Data acquisition using the Internet of Things (IoT) in the retail industry is one of the most important innovations in increasing the amount of relevant data that can be collected during a customer’s visit. Analyzing the behavior of a customer during an in-store purchase using sensing devices can reveal a customer’s interests and choices. Using a number of sensing devices, the in-store customer behavior is captured, pre-processed, and then transmitted over a wireless network to the cloud. A data analytics model built with fuzzy logic is developed to generate the data of a customer’s purchasing intentions. This approach will help retail stores to recommend products to customers and guide supply chain planning. Such an approach allows retailers to gain more sales thereby increasing their market value. The increase in the amount of data available due to the advent of automation, new technologies, and standards have made the decision-making process in Continue reading

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Types of Innovation and Mapping the Innovation Space

There are different types of innovation. There are four broad categories of innovation. Following these categories are referred as the 4Ps of innovation: ‘product innovation’ — changes in the things (products/services) which an organization offers. ‘process innovation’ — changes in the ways in which they are created and delivered. ‘position innovation’ — changes in the context in which the products/services are introduced. ‘paradigm innovation’ — changes in the underlying mental models which frame what the organization does. For example, the new version of a car, a new bank account offer and a new home personnel computer are all examples of a product innovation. In comparison to a product innovation a change in the production process and machines used to manufacture the car or the home computer these examples are process innovations. Similar the example of the new bank account offer if this came up by changing procedures and sequencing in Continue reading

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Income from Other Sources

Income from other source is a residuary head of income. Any item of income which does not fall under any other four specific heads of income is to be charged under this head. According to sec 56(2) following incomes are chargeable under this head. Dividend declared by a foreign company Family pension Winnings from lottery, crossword puzzles, horse race etc Income from plant, machinery or furniture let out on hire where it is not the actual business of the assessee. Interest from securities, bank deposits Income from sub letting Any other receipts which doesn’t fall under any other heads of income. Income from agricultural land situated outside India Examiner ship fees received by college teachers Income from undisclosed source Ground rent etc Receipts without consideration in certain cases Dividend It means any amount paid by a company, out of divisible profits, whether taxable or not taxable, to its share holders Continue reading

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