Nature and Importance of Managerial Principles by Henri Fayol

Henri Fayol was one of the most influential contributors to modern concepts of management. Fayol has been described as the father of modern operational management theory. Like Socrates, Fayol suggested that management is a universal human activity that applies equally well to the family as it does to the corporation. Fayol’s career began as a mining engineer. He then moved into research geology and in 1888 joined, Comambault as Director. Comambault was in difficulty but Fayol turned the operation round. On retirement he published his work – a comprehensive theory of administration – described and classified administrative management roles and processes then became recognized and referenced by others in the growing discourse about management. He is frequently seen as a key, early contributor to a classical or administrative management school of thought. His theorizing about administration was built on personal observation and experience of what worked well in terms of Continue reading

Multinational Corporations Adaptability to Host Environments

All Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are not equally likely to cause friction and tension in their host  economies. Some adapt with relative ease and become closely integrated with  their host environment, both economically and socio-culturally; others remain  isolated and insulated, often forming alien enclaves in the host society. There  appears to be a causal relationship between the MNC’s organizational structure  that is, its organizational design as well as its underlying objectives and  strategies and its capacity for social adaptation to host country conditions.  In terms of inducement to social conflict, MNCs fall into three categories: home  dominated, host dominated, and internationally integrated. Home or Parent Dominated MNCs These enterprises are organized and managed in such a way that the foreign  based subsidiaries and other affiliates, whatever their specific legal form, serve  primarily in a complementary support role. Their function is to help the parent  company achieve its business objectives in the Continue reading

Project Planning

Project Planning is foreseeing with blue print towards some predicted  goals or ends. Project plan is a skeleton which consists of bundle of activities  with its future prospects; it is a guided activity. It is a plan for which resources  are allocated and efforts are being made to commence the project with great  amount of pre-planning, project is a way of defining what we are hoping to do  about certain issue. The project alone is not responsible for what happens during  the course of a planning. Project is a final form of written documents that guides  us as to what steps need to be taken next. Nature of  Project Planning One cannot conceive a project in a linear manner. It involves few  activities, resources, constrains and interrelationships which can be visualized  easily by the human mind and planned informally. However, when a project  crosses a certain threshold level of size Continue reading

Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

Voice over Internet Protocol or Voice over IP or VoIP is a general term for a family of transmission technologies for delivery of voice communications over internet protocol networks such as the internet or other packet-switched networks. Other terms frequently encountered and synonymous with voice over internet protocol are internet protocol telephony, internet telephony, voice over broadband, broadband telephony, and broadband phone. Internet telephony refers to communications services – voice, facsimile, and/or voice-messaging applications – that are transported via the internet, rather than the public switched telephone network. Definition of Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Voice over internet protocol can be defined as the ability to make telephone calls and to send facsimiles over internet protocol- based data networks with a suitable quality of service and a much superior cost/benefit. Equipment producers see Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) as a new opportunity to innovate and compete. The challenge for then Continue reading

Architecture and Key Characteristics of Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing Architecture Cloud computing architecture, the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the delivery of cloud computing, typically involves multiple cloud components communicating with each other over application programming interfaces, usually web services and 3-tier architecture. This resembles the Unix philosophy of having multiple programs each doing one thing well and working together over universal interfaces. Complexity is controlled and the resulting systems are more manageable than their monolithic counterparts. The two most significant components of cloud computing architecture are known as the front end and the back end. The front end is the part seen by the client, i.e. the computer user. This includes the client’s network (or computer) and the applications used to access the cloud via a user interface such as a web browser. The back end of the cloud computing architecture is the ‘cloud’ itself, comprising various computers, servers and data storage devices. Continue reading

Reasons for Divergences Between De facto and De jure Exchange Rate Policies

The first reason for the divergences between de facto and de jure exchange rate policies is that, de facto exchange rate stability is just an incidental side effect of a monetary policy strategy in which the exchange rate is only one of the many variables that the central bank monitors and reacts to. This is as; whatever decision of the authorities of the country that is being made in turn will have an effect on the pricing of its goods and services, economic wellbeing of the country and also its exchange rate. The second reason to it is that, the central bank thinks that the economy will occasionally be affected by idiosyncratic shocks that will require significant exchange rate adjustments. This means that the central bank does not want the exchange rate to be tied by a previous commitment that might make the adjustments more difficult to be carried out. Continue reading