Case Study on Entrepreneurship: Larry Page

Business Analysis

The Boundaryless Career: Modern Contemperory Perspective on Career

Human Resource Management

Concepts of Throughput Accounting and Theory of Constraints

Financial Management

Kaizen – Understanding the Japanese Business Philosophy of Continuous Improvement

Operations Management

Role of Leaders in Shaping Organizational Culture

Management Principles

Translation Exposure in Terms of Foreign Exchange Risk

Consolidation of financial statements, which involve foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities automatically, gives rise to translation exposure, sometimes termed as accounting exposure. Consolidation of foreign subsidiaries account into group financial statements denominated in home currency requires the application of a rate or rates of exchange to foreign subsidiaries accounts, in order that they may be translated into the parent currency. Both balance sheets and income statements must be consolidated and they both give rise to translation exposure. Translating foreign currency profit and loss accounts at either the average exchange rate during the accounting year or at the exchange rate at the end of the accounting year (both methods are currently permissible as per British accounting procedures) will mean that expected consolidated profit will vary as the average or that the expected closing rate changes. So the whole amount of profit earned in the foreign currency is exposed to translation Continue reading

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Reasoning in Artificial Intelligence

The reasoning is deemed as the key logical element that provides the ability for human interaction in a given social environment. The key aspect associated with reasoning is the fact that the perception of a given individual is based on the reasons derived from the facts that relative to the environment as interpreted by the individual involved. This makes it clear that in a computational environment involving electronic devices or machines, the ability of the machine to deliver a given reason depends on the extent to which the social environment is quantified as logical conclusions with the help of a reason or combination of reasons. The major aspect associated with reasoning is that in the case of human reasoning the reasoning is accompanied by introspection which allows the individual to interpret the reason through self-observation and reporting of consciousness. This naturally provides the ability to develop resilience to exceptional situations Continue reading

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Definition of Globalization – Stages of Globalization

A very commonly used term, globalization can mean different things to different people. At a broad level, globalization refers to the growing economic interdependence among countries, reflected in the increasing cross border flow of goods, services, capital and technical know how. At the level of a specific company, globalization  refers to the degree to which competitive position is determined by the ability to leverage physical and intangible resources and market opportunities across countries. “Globalization refers to the multiplicity of linkages and interconnections between the states and societies that make up the present world system. It describes the process by which events, decisions, and activities in one part of the world come to have significant consequences for individuals and communities in quite distant parts of the globe. Globalization has two distinct phenomena: scope (or stretching) and intensity (or deepening). On the one hand, it defines a set of processes which embrace Continue reading

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Case Study of Walmart: Business Model Innovation for Sustainability

A business model is a plan or strategy that a company uses to attain its goals and objectives. The goals and objectives of an organization relates to the identification of the targeted customer base, identifying the sources of funds and the various areas for revenues. The goals for most companies are to maximize the profit and to make sure that the company expands and grows in the process. A business model is an abstract depiction of a company. It integrates the various processes of a company and highlights the various strategies and approaches taken by a company to achieve its objectives and goals in the process. A business model is developed by aligning the goals of an organization with the structure of an organization. There are various types of business models. Some of them are, “Bricks and clicks model”, “collective business models”, Direct sales model” etc. These are some of Continue reading

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Export Credit – Definition and Types

Credit is an essential requirement for any kind of business. So is the case with exporting also. The various sources available have to be explored by the exporter in order to  fulfill  the financial requirements of export business. We can define export credit as “the credits required by the exporters for financing their export transactions from the time of getting an export order to the time of the full  realization  of the payment from the importers.” From the time of an export order is received and confirmed, the exporter needs finance (export credit) at pre-shipment stage and also at post-shipment stage. Finance is required at pre-shipment stage for the following purposes: To purchase raw materials and other inputs to manufacture goods. To assemble the goods in the case of merchant exporters. To store the goods in suitable warehouses till the goods are shipped. To pay for packing, marking and  labeling Continue reading

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Accounting Concepts Used for the Preparation of Financial Statements

Basic accounting concepts used for the preparation of financial statements are: Money measurement concept – Accounting normally deals with only those items that are capable of being expressed in monetary terms. Money has the advantage that it is a useful common denominator with which to express the wide variety of recourses held by a business. However, not all such resources are capable of being measured in monetary terms and so will be excluded from a balance sheet. The money measurement concept, thus, limits the scope of accounting reports. Historic cost concept – Assets are shown on the balance at a value that is based on their historic cost (that is, acquisition cost). This method of measuring asset value has been adopted by accountants in preference to methods based on some form of current value. Many commentators find this particular convection difficult to support as outdated historic cost are unlikely to Continue reading

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