Innovation in Large versus Small Firms

In 1940s, Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter argued that large firms would be more effective innovators and he point out that better able to obtain financing for R&D projects and better able to spread costs of R&D over large volume. Large size firms may also enable for greater economies of scale and learning effect and taking on large scale or risky projects. However, large firms might also be disadvantaged at innovation because; R&D efficiency might decrease due to loss of managerial control Large firms have more bureaucratic inertia More strategic commitments tie firm to current technologies Small firms often considered more flexible and entrepreneurial. Many big firms have found ways of “feeling small” because break overall firm into several sub-units and can utilize different culture and controls in different units. A large firm gains experience in choosing and developing innovation projects, it may learn to make better selections of projects that Continue reading

Basic Principles of International Taxation

Rapid economic development happens to be one of the primary objectives of all developing economies and India is not an exception. This is possible mainly through the accumulation and proper use of capital. The developing economies lack adequate basic infrastructural facilities. In order to develop these, the government takes upon itself the responsibility for building up capital formation, through sound taxation policies. There are two basic principles followed by different countries in International taxation 1)  Residence Based Taxation The principle of residence-based taxation asserts that natural persons or individuals are taxable in the country or tax jurisdiction in which they establish their residence or domicile, regardless of the source of income. In the case of non-natural persons such as companies or firms, the place of incorporation or the place where control or management is exercised is deemed to be the place of residence. In the context of income tax, the Continue reading

Project Management Basics

Project management is defined as process of initiating, planning, executing and delivery of a product with a group of a team to achieve a goal on time. In project management the main things to consider are start and end date of a project. For every project there will be a risk factor which should be taken care. Any project needs following four factors: Time, Budget, Quality and Feedback from the stakeholders. Also, project management is an important and significant contribution in delivering the business benefits through projects. It also has been seen that organizations these days are following a strategic way to achieve the goals of the project. Project management also plays a vital role in preparing a strategic plan to get the project from the customers and justify the requirements or funding but unlike any projects in a realistic way the goal of the project to achieve and be Continue reading

Characteristics of High Performance Culture

A high performance culture is a culture where the standout culture traits are can do spirit, pride in doing things right, no-excuses accountability, and a pervasive result oriented work climate where people go to the extra mile to meet or beat stretch objectives. In a high performance culture there is strong sense of involvement from the part of the company employees and emphasis on individual initiative and creativity. Performance expectations are clearly delineated for the company as a whole, for each organizational unit, and for each individual. Issues are promptly addressed- a strong bias for being proactive instead of reactive exists. Focus on what needs to be done, the culture is permeated with a spirit of achievement and has a good track in meeting or beating performance targets. Most important characteristics of high performance culture are; A clear line of sight exists between the strategic aims of the authority and Continue reading

Types of Inventory System (Q and P Models)

The term inventory derives from the French word inventaire and the Latin word inventariom which simply means a list of things which are found. The term inventory includes materials which are in raw form, or are in process, in the finished packaging, spares and the others which are stocked in order to meet all the unexpected demands or distribution in the future. This term usually refers to the stock at hand at a particular period of time of all those materials which are in raw form, those goods which are in progress of manufacture, all the finished products, merchandise purchased products for resale of those products, tangible products which can be seen, touched, measured or are countable. In a connection with the financial statements and records of accounting, the reference may be to the amount assigned to the stock or the pile of goods owned by an enterprise at a Continue reading

Commercial Credit Analysis: Debt Covenants

Conditions imposed on facilities extended by banks, also known as covenants (here Debt Covenants) are imposed by bankers upon a borrower to: Preserve the financial strength of the borrower. Maintain the borrower’s ability to refinance itself – the borrower (being a limited company or a business) continuing as a going concern. Control the assets – prevent the borrower from selling assets thereby ensuring that assets are not dissipated, Ensure that the borrower does not do something that would be detrimental to the interests of the Bank. Debt covenants, therefore, are from a banker’s perspective extremely important in  the structuring of a loan.While a risky, unsound loan will not become good by covenants, they will afford some comfort and a degree of control including providing warning signs should the financial position of the company deteriorate. The amount of covenants that can be imposed on a borrower would depend on: The antecedents Continue reading