Institutional Framework of Derivatives Market

1. Exchange Exchange provides buyers and sellers of futures and option contract necessary infrastructure to trade. In outcry system, exchange has trading pit where members and their representatives assemble during a fixed trading period and execute transactions. In online trading system, exchange provide access to members and make available real time information online and also allow them to execute their orders. For derivative market to be successful exchange plays a very important role, there may be separate exchange for financial instruments and commodities or common exchange for both commodities and financial assets. 2. Clearing House A clearing house performs clearing of transactions executed in futures and option exchanges. Clearing house may be a separate company or it can be a division of exchange. It guarantees the performance of the contracts and for this purpose clearing house becomes counter party to each contract. Transactions are between members and clearing house. Clearing Continue reading

Minimum Alternative Tax (MAT) and Computation of Book Profits

Provisions of MAT for payment of tax by certain companies (Section 115JB] Tax payable for any assessment year cannot he less than 15% of book profit: Where in the case of a company, the income-tax payable on the total income as computed under the Income-tax Act, is less than15% of its book profit, such book profit shall be deemed to be the total income of the assessee and the tax payable by the assessee on such total income (book profit) shall be the amount of the income-tax at the rate of 15%. Allowing tax credit in respect of tax paid on deemed income under MAT provisions against tax liability in subsequent years (Section 115JAA] Where any amount of tax is paid under section 115J B (1) of Income Tax Act by a company for any assessment year beginning on or after 1-4-2006, credit in respect of the taxes so paid Continue reading

How to Use AI and Social Media to Grow Your Music Business

Technology has transformed the music business, giving musicians opportunity for career advancement and public exposure. According to CyberGhost’s research, engaging with fans, tapping into different markets, prioritizing short-form content, and strategically using social media and artificial intelligence (AI) tools can help musicians succeed in the digital world. This article looks at how musicians may use social media and AI to enhance their fan base, boost interaction, and develop their music careers. Leveraging AI for Music Promotion Understanding and utilizing AI-driven tools can significantly impact your music promotion efforts as an artist. Here’s how to leverage AI to grow your music business: Targeted Marketing: AI-powered algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data to identify your target audience’s preferences and behavior. By understanding your audience better, you can tailor your marketing strategies and content to resonate with your fans, leading to more significant engagement and loyalty. Personalized Recommendations: Streaming platforms like Spotify Continue reading

Mutual Rights and Liabilities of Partners in a Partnership Firm

Section 4 of Indian Partnership Act, 1932 defines Partnership as, “Partnership is the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all”. The rights, duties and liabilities of partners make the mutual relationship between the partners more clear. Partners can themselves determined their rights by contract, but the   partnership act confers certain rights upon the partners. The rights and liabilities of partners can be illustrated as:- Rights of Partners i) Right to take part in the Conduct or Management of Business: Every partner, irrespective of the amount contributed by him, has an inherent right to participate in the conduct of business of the firm. However, by mutual agreement, some partners may be restricted to take part but, the right to participate in the management must be available to all ii) Right to be Consulted Continue reading

Legal Definition and Charactristics of Negotiable Instruments

Negotiable Instruments Act The law relating to “Negotiable Instruments” is contained in the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, as amended up-to-date. It deals with three kinds of negotiable instruments, i.e., Promissory Notes, Bills of Exchange and Cherubs. The provisions of the Act also apply to ‘hands’ (an instrument in oriental language), unless there is a local usage to the contrary. Other documents like treasury bills, dividend warrants, share warrants, bearer debentures, port trust or improvement trust debentures, railway bonds payable to bearer etc., are also recognized as negotiable instruments either by mercantile custom or under other enactments like the Companies Act, and therefore, Negotiable Instruments Act is applicable to them. Definition & Features The word ‘negotiable’ means ‘transferable by delivery’, and the word ‘instrument’ means ‘a written document by which a right is created in favor of some person’. Thus, the term ‘negotiable instrument’ literally means ‘a written document transferable by Continue reading

The Concept of Zero Working Capital

In today’s world of intense global competition, working capital management is receiving increasing attention form managers striving for peak efficiency the goal of many leading companies today, is zero working capital. Proponent of the zero working capital concept claims that a movement toward this goal not only generates cash but also speeds up production and helps business make more timely deliveries and operate more efficiently. The concept has its own definition of working capital: inventories+ receivables- payables. The rational here is (i) that inventories and receivables are the keys to making sales, but (ii) that inventories can be financed by suppliers through account payables. Zero working capital also refers to the equality  between current assets and current liabilities at all times. To avoid excess  investment in current assets, firms try to meet their current liabilities out of the  current assets fully if they follow this concept. Consequently, smooth and  uninterrupted Continue reading