Cognitive Mapping – A Mental Representation Technique

In 1947, Edward C. Tolman at the University of  California at Berkeley,  was doing experiments demonstrating that complex internal cognitive activity occurred even in rats and that these mental processes could be studied without the necessity of observing them directly.  He proposed that rats  have a cognitive map; that ‘in the course of learning,something like a field map of the environment gets established in the rat’s brain… And it is this tentative map,  indicating routes and paths and environmental relationships, which finally determines what responses, if any, the  animal will finally release.’ [Tolman, 1948, p 192] Due to the significance of his work, Tolman is considered to be the founder of a school of thought about learning that is today called cognitive-behaviorism. A cognitive map in the trivial sense is whatever mental or neural mechanism enables an animal to navigate. On this usage, it is tautologous that animals capable of Continue reading

Impacts of Strategic Change on Organziations

Businesses usually face the complicated process of alternating culture, leadership, values, and structure while executing strategic change. However, no matter how complex these means are, they are performed mainly to advance the company’s strategy to thrive in the future. In other words, strategic changes tend to be conducted in terms of meeting the latest trends in the industry to remain equal with rivaling businesses of a similar sphere. Thus, before implementing such alternation, it is vital to analyze the possible impacts on the other parts of the company operating. Firstly, it is significant to start changes when the business is thriving and not in a crisis. Specifically, any alternations take a considerable amount of effort and funds; hence it might be impossible to perform them with the deficiency of at least one factor. Every employee should be involved in the process of a proper transformation execution and not only top Continue reading

Case Study on Ethics: The Google Antitrust Case

Google Inc. started two decades ago as a Silicon Valley startup with an innovative way of accessing the Internet. The company is headquartered in Mountain View, CA, and came into the business world in 1997, one year after it was established with its shares offered to the public in 2004 in the most unusual online way. Currently, Google is one of the search engines that are frequently used around the world, which has enabled the company to further raise its market share.  The main product of Google is the search engine, which has enabled it to have global dominance. In addition, the company has other products such as Google Maps., Chrome Browser, Google Drive, YouTube, Play Store, Gmail, and the Android operating system. However, it is worth noting most of the above-named products are offered free of charge to Google users, but customers have to pay to access premium product features. Continue reading

Case Study of J.P. Morgan Chase : The Credit Card Segment of the Financial Services Industry

As result of mergers and acquisitions activities Chase Credit Card Services (CCS) became fifth largest credit card issuer in the industry. Being a child of a highly reputable J.P. Morgan Chase bank the CCS has many competencies and competitive advantages in order to compete in already saturated credit card market. Evolvement of internet and technology, globalization, legislation and modernization of financial industry is giving new opportunities for expansion of the credit card business. Despite of intense competition among the banks to acquire and retain profitable customers this market still has a great potential for the right players. CCS reached a critical point when it is equipped with the right instruments and now needs to demonstrate that it is able to leverage them the most optimal way to maximize its profit and prove to its parent investment banking company that it still deserves to be a part of Chase core business. Continue reading

Case Study of LG: A Global Success Story Through Continuous Innovations

LG Electronics is a global leader in the production of electronics, telecommunications products and chemicals. The organization was started in Korea with the name ‘Lucky Chemical Industries’ in the year 1947. The focus at the time was on the manufacture of chemicals. However, the organization ventured into the electronics industry and by the year 1958, it was the largest producer of radios, color televisions and fans. In 1959, it changed its name to Goldstar as it began producing plastic items. Goldstar was the first company to produce a radio in Korea and it went on to produce other household electronic products. In addition, the company produced soaps, detergents and other hygiene products under the Lucky brand. In the year 1995, the company was named ‘LG’, which was the abbreviation of ‘Lucky Goldstar’. The company also uses the tagline, ‘Life’s Good’ in marketing the products. Today, LG Electronics is a global organization operating Continue reading

First Mover Advantage Vs Late Mover Advantage

Companies across the country are consistently being faced with tough decisions regarding business moves to make that will launch them forward in a new competitive market. There are two types of strategies that companies look into when they want to diversify into a different product market. The first approach is called the ‘first mover’ theory and the second is called the ‘late mover’ theory. Both of these strategies have strengths and weaknesses that can either solidify or act as a detriment to the company’s entry into the market. First Mover Theory Advantages and Disadvantages The potential advantages of the first mover theory are numerous. For one, the corporation has the ability to attain exclusive company-product association. It can also find success through the effects of networking and see a rise in consumption as demand grows. First mover theory can help the company determine economies of scale and it can also Continue reading